Unit 4A - pre production portfolio finances
The pre production brief
A1 Requirements for a film production
The country council have asked you to produce a report on the essential pre-production work that takes place as part of a film production. The council intend to send this report to community film organisations that receive funding for future projects to encourage them to complete effective pre-production work and to ensure the future success of funded film production.
Sources of Finance
How are films funded?
Equity: having investors contribute money to the production in exchange for an ownership interest in the film and profits gained from the exploitation of the film.
Pre-sales: executed contracts made with distributors before the film is produced, and are based on the perceived strength of the project as assessed by each distributor after reviewing numerous factors like the script and marketing strategies. You can then either take out a bank loan using pre-sales as collateral, or receive a direct payment at a discount from the distributors themselves.
Loans/Gap or Bridge Financing: loans in film making usually only occurs once other financing has taken place. filmmakers use loans to fill in the "gap" or as "bridge" financing between what they've raised and the total cost of the film. They have to personally guarantee a loan and put up the film as collateral. If the film doesn't earn enough to repay the loan the filmmaker will be on the hook for the total unpaid loan amount.
Tax Credits: individual states and countries allow film producers to subsidise the money spent on production through tax benefits. Typically, this requires the filmmaker to film a significant portion of the production in a local area, hire a certain number of local crew employees, rent from local vendors, and run payroll through local.
Crowd Funding: donations from friends and family through social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
Where can british film-makers get funding from?
British film-maker use the BFI to help produce their films. This stands for the British Film Institute. It is a charitable organisation which promotes and preserves film-making and television in the UK. they use lottery funds to encourage film production, distribution and education. It is sponsored by the Department of Digital, Media, Cultural and Sport.
What process do they have to follow?
how-to-finance-your-film-production
When the initial idea has come into place it cannot be protected by copyright so film makers have to take measures to protect their idea by only divulging any producers after they have taken protective measures such as having the recipient of the information relating to the idea of the film sign a non-disclosure an confidentiality agreement. Or by subscribing to omissions insurance and multimedia risk insurance which covers began liability and defence for the film production company against lawsuits, whether is plagiarism or copy titles, formats, ideas etc.
The next step is to gather all final ideas and form a script ready for production. Development money is the financial mum that you need to invest in your idea until it is in a form suitable for presenting to investors. It is used, for example, to pay the writer whilst writing the script. The script is then sent to find a director suitable for this film.
Once finance is in place the producers hires crew members and cast. To green light the film the content of the producers, sales agents and board of director of the film unanimously. The film/scenes are shot and edited; editing usually takes between 8 and 10 weeks.
Once the film is being finalised posters, promos and adverts are marketed. They are then showed in cinema.
What is Crowd Funding?
Crowdfunding is a way of earning finance for a organisation or production by asking a large sum of people for a small amount of money. The internet is used to find thousands of people willing to donate by forming a profile on their project and talking to members. There is also the use of social media and friends and family for money.
Types of crowdfunding:
Equity crowdfunding: individuals support efforts of the film maker/production through provision of finance. Money is exchanged for shares, or a small stake in the business, project or venture.
Donation/Rewards crowdfunding: people donate simply because they believe in the cause. Rewards can be offered to those who donate such as acknowledgements on an album cover, tickets to an events, free gifts etc.
Dept crowdfunding: investors receive their money back with interest. In case if Microfinance (very small sums of money lent to very poor; most often in developing countries) no interest is paid on the loan and the elder is rewarded by doing social good.
Give an example of a film which used crowd funding successfully. Explain the successes:
The movie 'Da Sweet Blood Of Jesus' is a horror movie directed by Spike Lee in 2014. This movie was funded by crowd funding using the site 'Kickstarter'. The aim was $1,25 million, however it managed to raise $1.4 million. The film was completed in only 16 days due to the low budget but was described as "Delightfully odd and poetic. One of Mr Lee's best."
Loans/Gap or Bridge Financing: loans in film making usually only occurs once other financing has taken place. filmmakers use loans to fill in the "gap" or as "bridge" financing between what they've raised and the total cost of the film. They have to personally guarantee a loan and put up the film as collateral. If the film doesn't earn enough to repay the loan the filmmaker will be on the hook for the total unpaid loan amount.
Tax Credits: individual states and countries allow film producers to subsidise the money spent on production through tax benefits. Typically, this requires the filmmaker to film a significant portion of the production in a local area, hire a certain number of local crew employees, rent from local vendors, and run payroll through local.
Crowd Funding: donations from friends and family through social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
Where can british film-makers get funding from?
British film-maker use the BFI to help produce their films. This stands for the British Film Institute. It is a charitable organisation which promotes and preserves film-making and television in the UK. they use lottery funds to encourage film production, distribution and education. It is sponsored by the Department of Digital, Media, Cultural and Sport.
What process do they have to follow?
how-to-finance-your-film-production
When the initial idea has come into place it cannot be protected by copyright so film makers have to take measures to protect their idea by only divulging any producers after they have taken protective measures such as having the recipient of the information relating to the idea of the film sign a non-disclosure an confidentiality agreement. Or by subscribing to omissions insurance and multimedia risk insurance which covers began liability and defence for the film production company against lawsuits, whether is plagiarism or copy titles, formats, ideas etc.
The next step is to gather all final ideas and form a script ready for production. Development money is the financial mum that you need to invest in your idea until it is in a form suitable for presenting to investors. It is used, for example, to pay the writer whilst writing the script. The script is then sent to find a director suitable for this film.
Once finance is in place the producers hires crew members and cast. To green light the film the content of the producers, sales agents and board of director of the film unanimously. The film/scenes are shot and edited; editing usually takes between 8 and 10 weeks.
Once the film is being finalised posters, promos and adverts are marketed. They are then showed in cinema.
What is Crowd Funding?
Crowdfunding is a way of earning finance for a organisation or production by asking a large sum of people for a small amount of money. The internet is used to find thousands of people willing to donate by forming a profile on their project and talking to members. There is also the use of social media and friends and family for money.
Types of crowdfunding:
Equity crowdfunding: individuals support efforts of the film maker/production through provision of finance. Money is exchanged for shares, or a small stake in the business, project or venture.
Donation/Rewards crowdfunding: people donate simply because they believe in the cause. Rewards can be offered to those who donate such as acknowledgements on an album cover, tickets to an events, free gifts etc.
Dept crowdfunding: investors receive their money back with interest. In case if Microfinance (very small sums of money lent to very poor; most often in developing countries) no interest is paid on the loan and the elder is rewarded by doing social good.
Give an example of a film which used crowd funding successfully. Explain the successes:
The movie 'Da Sweet Blood Of Jesus' is a horror movie directed by Spike Lee in 2014. This movie was funded by crowd funding using the site 'Kickstarter'. The aim was $1,25 million, however it managed to raise $1.4 million. The film was completed in only 16 days due to the low budget but was described as "Delightfully odd and poetic. One of Mr Lee's best."
Logistics
What budgeting issues do film production companies need to be aware of?
Spending and budgeting is typically divided into four section: above the line (creative talent), below the line (direct production costs), post-production (editing, visual effects, etc.), and other (insurance completion bond, etc.)
What are some of the costs of film-making?
Production costs: the cost of producing a film includes crew wages, production design, love set and studio costs, costumes, catering (food and drink), accommodation, transportation, travel. hotel stay and so on.
Story rights: the right to produce the film based on a book, novel, musical or video game.
Give an of a film production that had to stop shooting because of the financing:
The making of the movie 'Gossip' which would have starred Gary Oldman was canceled due to the Martini Foundation who broke failed to keep a promise to provide money for the director, Don Boyd's film production. This stopped the movie from forming and left Boyd in £1 million dept.
Give some examples of different job types and how their requirements could cause some issues:
The talent is vital to the film production because if they do not approve with their role or the script then they can pull out of the movie or make a scene, making the production very difficult. An example of this is the movie 'Fitzcarraldo' which was almost stopped mid-production because of the temper tantrums and assault displayed by Klaus Kinaki.
What other considerations do film-production companies need to consider? E.G. for equipment, crew, transport, materials, clearances, talent, facility hire:
Film production companies need to consider:
time: time plays many part in film making. some examples are the actors and crew members that have other jobs, locations might only be available for a certain period of time, and some equipment may be needed for another project. For many films, there is always a deadline to meet, which plays a very large role in the speed and quality of the film.
Personnel: King a film requires multiple different job types such as actors, crew, producers, so film-productions need to find people with the right experience for the job as well as making sure they will have the means and time to do their job.
facilities: facilities include places needed for the cast or crew to use during film production such as places to do hair and makeup and places to store equipment. Facilities need to be thought of to they can all be arranged when production an post-production start.
Materials: materials in film making include sound library materials, photo-library materials and scripts. These materials may or may not be original to the but but can still be used if the producer gets permission from the owner or if the material is royalty free.
Contributors: needed contributors such as actors, directors and even the public counts.
Locations: finding the right location for where the film is to be shot is difficult and there is a lot of planning and paper work once the location has been found to make sure it is safe for all cast and crew. It also must be accessible as the location is no good if the cast and crew cannot get there.
Documentation: this includes the script, storyboards, health and safety assessments and budget. Without these there is risk of the film not being made.
- The amount that distributors will pay for a film is almost always calculated as a percentage of the budget. So the more money spent on the film the more distributors will pay for it and more likely to sell.
- Many related costs will rise and fall with the budget, for example the talent will charge more for a big budget film rather than a low-budget.
- budget includes self-charge "producer fees" paid to the producer. So if a movie was budgeted for $10 million but went for $12 million the producer would receive that $2 million left over.
- budget includes development, production, post-production of a film, costs of acquiring script, payments to talent and production cost.
Spending and budgeting is typically divided into four section: above the line (creative talent), below the line (direct production costs), post-production (editing, visual effects, etc.), and other (insurance completion bond, etc.)
What are some of the costs of film-making?
Production costs: the cost of producing a film includes crew wages, production design, love set and studio costs, costumes, catering (food and drink), accommodation, transportation, travel. hotel stay and so on.
Story rights: the right to produce the film based on a book, novel, musical or video game.
Give an of a film production that had to stop shooting because of the financing:
The making of the movie 'Gossip' which would have starred Gary Oldman was canceled due to the Martini Foundation who broke failed to keep a promise to provide money for the director, Don Boyd's film production. This stopped the movie from forming and left Boyd in £1 million dept.
Give some examples of different job types and how their requirements could cause some issues:
The talent is vital to the film production because if they do not approve with their role or the script then they can pull out of the movie or make a scene, making the production very difficult. An example of this is the movie 'Fitzcarraldo' which was almost stopped mid-production because of the temper tantrums and assault displayed by Klaus Kinaki.
What other considerations do film-production companies need to consider? E.G. for equipment, crew, transport, materials, clearances, talent, facility hire:
Film production companies need to consider:
time: time plays many part in film making. some examples are the actors and crew members that have other jobs, locations might only be available for a certain period of time, and some equipment may be needed for another project. For many films, there is always a deadline to meet, which plays a very large role in the speed and quality of the film.
Personnel: King a film requires multiple different job types such as actors, crew, producers, so film-productions need to find people with the right experience for the job as well as making sure they will have the means and time to do their job.
facilities: facilities include places needed for the cast or crew to use during film production such as places to do hair and makeup and places to store equipment. Facilities need to be thought of to they can all be arranged when production an post-production start.
Materials: materials in film making include sound library materials, photo-library materials and scripts. These materials may or may not be original to the but but can still be used if the producer gets permission from the owner or if the material is royalty free.
Contributors: needed contributors such as actors, directors and even the public counts.
Locations: finding the right location for where the film is to be shot is difficult and there is a lot of planning and paper work once the location has been found to make sure it is safe for all cast and crew. It also must be accessible as the location is no good if the cast and crew cannot get there.
Documentation: this includes the script, storyboards, health and safety assessments and budget. Without these there is risk of the film not being made.
Time
Deadlines: deadlines are the latest time or date given for something to be completed by. When producing a film, a deadline gives a more accurate release date for the audience. Deadlines are important to film production as it ensures that the movie is reasonably timed and doesn't drag like it would if the director had too much time on his or her hands to just keep adding pointless scenes. It also pushed the crew to plan ahead to perform the process in a timely condition.
Availability of equipment: equipment can cost quite little, or it could cost quite a bit. So sometimes producers borrow equipment for a certain period of time until needed by somebody else. This means that the producer must plan ahead to shoot the scenes with the borrowed equipment in it.
Availability of personnel: during production in a film, work schedules for the cast and crew members must be syncronised as, for many scenes, cast and crew need to be present at the same time and place.
Time scales: a time scale is how long it takes for an event to take place. On average, pre-production takes 146 days, allowing time for creative process. Time scales can be shortened if necessary and is usually before a deadline.
Facilities
Facilities are a factor that need to be considered when creating a film. These include:
Production equipment:
Tripod/monopod: this is what you stand your camera on to make the filming movement more smooth ad prevent shaky shots. This makes the film look more professional
Camera: film makers use different types of cameras based on what they prefer. They are all different prices, quality and sizes. If it has manuals functions and can shoot full HD video (1920 x 1080 resolution at least).
Memory card: memory cards are essential. It is advised to buy multiple for long shoots so storage doesn't run out.
Lenses: lenses such as indie filters are practical when shooting because they manage the glare of the sun and so help with different weather conditions.
Microphones: these allow you to get better audio quality and you can move then closer to your actor. Using microphones such as a shotmic are useful in narrative films, so example, as they're more directional than other microphones. They're also better at isolation or picking up audio from a distance.
Lighting: some producers may use natural lighting for their film, either outside, or inside through window as it is resourceful and cheap. However, the weather can interfere so lighting kits may be used such as strobe lights and filament bulbs; especially if the shooting is taking place at night time. Night time shooting is more expensive than day time shooting as it requires more lights to be used.
Disk reflectors: good for reflecting sunlight and artificial light indoors and out.
Post-Production equipment:
Editing keyboards: computers made specifically for use with major video editing programs such as Final Cut. These keyboards are usually specialised with shortcuts colour-grouped by editing tools.
Speakers and headphones: a set of studio monitor speaking and comfortable headphones are advised as audio is an essential part of video editing. This makes sounds sound more accurate and allows you to hear what the video will sound like in different environments.
Camera: different camera are different costs. It is said to put cost before quality when buying a camera as you need to consider the budget of the film in total
Lights: natural lights is an easy cheap use, however, lighting equipment can improve the quality of the image. You can use the size kit that fits in with your budget as they come in all sizes and prices
Camera accessories: batteries are essential, especially getting loads of them so they can charge while others are being used. Data cards are used a lot to collect footage. Different lenses allows your camera to capture different filters and quality of images. Tripod make your shots more smooth and more professional.
Facility houses:
Any work that is designed and financed in a decent, safe accommodation. These are usually shared.
Places for cast members to rehearse. An example would be the Millennium Studios which is a sound and stage facility in the UK which usually hosts technical and production rehearsals.
Prop houses:
Prop houses are basically warehouses full of all the props that are used in production. These are useful, especially if you have a high budget film as you will have a lot of props that need to be kept safe. Props include things like set sofas, rooms and aesthetics.
Production equipment:
Tripod/monopod: this is what you stand your camera on to make the filming movement more smooth ad prevent shaky shots. This makes the film look more professional
Camera: film makers use different types of cameras based on what they prefer. They are all different prices, quality and sizes. If it has manuals functions and can shoot full HD video (1920 x 1080 resolution at least).
Memory card: memory cards are essential. It is advised to buy multiple for long shoots so storage doesn't run out.
Lenses: lenses such as indie filters are practical when shooting because they manage the glare of the sun and so help with different weather conditions.
Microphones: these allow you to get better audio quality and you can move then closer to your actor. Using microphones such as a shotmic are useful in narrative films, so example, as they're more directional than other microphones. They're also better at isolation or picking up audio from a distance.
Lighting: some producers may use natural lighting for their film, either outside, or inside through window as it is resourceful and cheap. However, the weather can interfere so lighting kits may be used such as strobe lights and filament bulbs; especially if the shooting is taking place at night time. Night time shooting is more expensive than day time shooting as it requires more lights to be used.
Disk reflectors: good for reflecting sunlight and artificial light indoors and out.
Post-Production equipment:
Editing keyboards: computers made specifically for use with major video editing programs such as Final Cut. These keyboards are usually specialised with shortcuts colour-grouped by editing tools.
Speakers and headphones: a set of studio monitor speaking and comfortable headphones are advised as audio is an essential part of video editing. This makes sounds sound more accurate and allows you to hear what the video will sound like in different environments.
Camera: different camera are different costs. It is said to put cost before quality when buying a camera as you need to consider the budget of the film in total
Lights: natural lights is an easy cheap use, however, lighting equipment can improve the quality of the image. You can use the size kit that fits in with your budget as they come in all sizes and prices
Camera accessories: batteries are essential, especially getting loads of them so they can charge while others are being used. Data cards are used a lot to collect footage. Different lenses allows your camera to capture different filters and quality of images. Tripod make your shots more smooth and more professional.
Facility houses:
Any work that is designed and financed in a decent, safe accommodation. These are usually shared.
Places for cast members to rehearse. An example would be the Millennium Studios which is a sound and stage facility in the UK which usually hosts technical and production rehearsals.
Prop houses:
Prop houses are basically warehouses full of all the props that are used in production. These are useful, especially if you have a high budget film as you will have a lot of props that need to be kept safe. Props include things like set sofas, rooms and aesthetics.
Locations
When finding a location for film-production, locations with desired climate and weather conditions will be required. Location Scouts will look for interesting locations and often negotiate legal access to filming locations. Other factors must be considered when finding a location such as places for hair and makeup to be done and a place to store equipment. All facilities need to have been considered in time for production, as well a post-production phases, to put into account any necessary reshooting.
Discovering the location in general can be daunting as multiple factors must be considered. These crude securing necessary documentation and filling out correct paper work to ensure the location is safe and secure for the crew and cast, accessibility for the cast and crew in respect to being able to get there easily (certain things can help this such as Packair), and authorisation from the owner of the location and risk assessments to take place.
It is also vital to consider the cost for locations. Location agencies usually charge homeowners 10%-40% of the shooting fee, which agencies help the homeowners negotiate with the production agencies. In some countries, many command $2000 to $3000 a day as locations.
Locations may be affected by the weather so contingencies and alternate, budgetary-effician plans should be made well in advance of any shoot day with a possibility to be affected by weather.
Personell
Technical crew: employed behind the scenes to control all technical aspects of creating a film. They are hired by a production agency. Without them, the film would not go threw.
Actors: an actor or actress's job is to represent the character they are playing and convince the audience that they are real. Depending on how known or famous the actor is, they can cost very different prices, so for example, Tom Hanks would charge a lot for a film as it would get a lot of publicity as he stars in it.
Extras: in film, you need people walking in a street in the city, school students, or just people to fill a room, but don't usually have any lines. Extras make scenes look more realistic as you would always expect people to be every where.
Contributors: this makes it easier to collect images and videos from photographers, influencers, and other content creators. Examples include video specialists that are responsible for editing and assembling recorded raw material into a suitable product ready for broadcasting.
Actors: an actor or actress's job is to represent the character they are playing and convince the audience that they are real. Depending on how known or famous the actor is, they can cost very different prices, so for example, Tom Hanks would charge a lot for a film as it would get a lot of publicity as he stars in it.
Extras: in film, you need people walking in a street in the city, school students, or just people to fill a room, but don't usually have any lines. Extras make scenes look more realistic as you would always expect people to be every where.
Contributors: this makes it easier to collect images and videos from photographers, influencers, and other content creators. Examples include video specialists that are responsible for editing and assembling recorded raw material into a suitable product ready for broadcasting.
Materials
All films use different types of materials in order to make it unique, make a good story line and present it in a brilliant way. These materials differ from the script used by the actors and actresses to present their characters, costume worn by cast member to portray who they are, where they are from and what time era they are in, music, either diabetic or non-diegetic to match the scene such as fast movie in an action movie of light jazz music in a cocktail bar. All materials are important in order to make a film successful. The cost of these materials come out of the budget so must be thought of either before production, or thought about very thoroughly during production.
Adherence to codes of practice and regulation
What are the codes of practice and regulation that film-makers must adhere to?
A code of practice is a set of written rules which explains how people working in a particular profession should behave. For example, recently, the code of practice for London was set, stating that:
A code of practice is a set of written rules which explains how people working in a particular profession should behave. For example, recently, the code of practice for London was set, stating that:
- The industry can film effectively, efficiently and flexibly in London
- All involved in location filming act responsibly, professionally and considerately at all times
- The practical impact of filming on people and businesses within London is minimized.
The BBFC is the British Board of Film Classification, a non-governmental organisation formed in 1912 which is responsible for national classification and censorship of films exhibited in cinema. The BBFC rate films as U, PG and 12A and sometimes even cut films. An example of BBFC case study is 'The Boy In the Striped Pajamas'. The film distributors didn't ask for any particular certificate; at the beginning of the film it was passed as PG because the situations of thread are 'mild', there are very few glory details and there is always a reassuring presence of a parent figure. Overall, the BBFC certified 'The Boy In the Striped Pajamas' as 12A so younger viewers can watch it with parents and teens studying the book in school can watch it.
Clearance
Clearance
What is copy write?
Copyright is a law that gives the owner of a work, like a book or movie, the right to say how other people can use it. A work can only be copied if the owner gives permission.
What copyright issues do film-makers need to consider?
Life rights: obligates the subject selling their life rights to cooperate wit the buyer. the seller is commiting to helping the buyer obtain information about the subject's life. Factual information is not copyrightable. So a third-party could use the facts from another filmmakers work without legal issues.
Consent: either written and/recorded consent from someone who is being filmed, for example, 'I, John Smith, agree to be filmed in this documentary about...'.
Material release form: when using photographs, sculptures or artworks in film.
Location release form: permission for shooting on private property.
Extra/background release: for people who appear in the background of a shot/scene but are not the main focus point.
Poster release: a poster-size release used when filming in public spaces where numerous people may be entering or exiting the frame, e.g. in a shopping center.
What is royalty-free music?
Copyright is a law that gives the owner of a work, like a book or movie, the right to say how other people can use it. A work can only be copied if the owner gives permission.
What copyright issues do film-makers need to consider?
Life rights: obligates the subject selling their life rights to cooperate wit the buyer. the seller is commiting to helping the buyer obtain information about the subject's life. Factual information is not copyrightable. So a third-party could use the facts from another filmmakers work without legal issues.
Consent: either written and/recorded consent from someone who is being filmed, for example, 'I, John Smith, agree to be filmed in this documentary about...'.
Material release form: when using photographs, sculptures or artworks in film.
Location release form: permission for shooting on private property.
Extra/background release: for people who appear in the background of a shot/scene but are not the main focus point.
Poster release: a poster-size release used when filming in public spaces where numerous people may be entering or exiting the frame, e.g. in a shopping center.
What is royalty-free music?
A type of music licensing that allows the purchaser to pay for the music license only once and to use the music for as long as desired.
Legal
Copyright:
Copyright is a form of legal protection when making a film. To ensure protection under copyright, the film must have only original content, so nothing from other films, books or other creative products unless there is permission from the owner, "fixed in a tangible medium of expression" which means that it exists in a stable form, and have a minimum degree of creativity. The copyright owner has the legal right to reproduce the work, publicly display the work, publicly perform the work, distribute copies of the work, and prepare "derivative works" (creative work that is based on pre-existing copyrighted work). If you want to use copyright work, you must get permission from the copyright owner, which, when copyrighting a film, can take a lot of time and money. When producing a film, a producer must be able to prove that they own, or has got a license to use every single piece of intellectual property in the film.
Health and Safety:
Health and safety issues are taken very seriously in film production. If someone sees the potential for an accident they are seen as partly responsible. As film production has many different surroundings depending on what scene they are shooting, the risk is always different, people are often rushing and risk of injury can become more unpredictable. This is why stuntmen get paid for each and every stunt they do, whether they're all different or all retakes on the same stunt, due to the new awareness of health and safety regulations.
To get ahead and prevent any harm, film productions do risk assessments to analyse any and all risk that could cause harm to workers. These risk assessments include:
1) identifying all hazards
2) evaluating the risks
3) identifying measures to control risks
Examples of hazards include:
Time: during the making of a film there are many deadlines and timescales that may cause rushing about in order to get work done in time. This distracts people from the risks and increases the chances of something wrong happening. To prevent this happening it is important to calm down the crew and send everyone home for a good rest so workers can come back with a new perspective.
Weather: weather is overlooked usually, however, when working outside all day, the producer needs to consider rain and cold weather causing distractions or colds in the future, and the sun causing heatstroke or burning, especially for the talent as they are on screen.
Tripping hazards: during production there are wires every where for charging cameras and having lights etc, so it is helpful to place down gaffa-tape over wires to prevent tripping.
Lifting hazards: equipment on set can be very heavy so getting extra help to lift heavy objects is always recommended to prevent back injuries and any other similar injuries.
Copyright is a form of legal protection when making a film. To ensure protection under copyright, the film must have only original content, so nothing from other films, books or other creative products unless there is permission from the owner, "fixed in a tangible medium of expression" which means that it exists in a stable form, and have a minimum degree of creativity. The copyright owner has the legal right to reproduce the work, publicly display the work, publicly perform the work, distribute copies of the work, and prepare "derivative works" (creative work that is based on pre-existing copyrighted work). If you want to use copyright work, you must get permission from the copyright owner, which, when copyrighting a film, can take a lot of time and money. When producing a film, a producer must be able to prove that they own, or has got a license to use every single piece of intellectual property in the film.
Health and Safety:
Health and safety issues are taken very seriously in film production. If someone sees the potential for an accident they are seen as partly responsible. As film production has many different surroundings depending on what scene they are shooting, the risk is always different, people are often rushing and risk of injury can become more unpredictable. This is why stuntmen get paid for each and every stunt they do, whether they're all different or all retakes on the same stunt, due to the new awareness of health and safety regulations.
To get ahead and prevent any harm, film productions do risk assessments to analyse any and all risk that could cause harm to workers. These risk assessments include:
1) identifying all hazards
2) evaluating the risks
3) identifying measures to control risks
Examples of hazards include:
Time: during the making of a film there are many deadlines and timescales that may cause rushing about in order to get work done in time. This distracts people from the risks and increases the chances of something wrong happening. To prevent this happening it is important to calm down the crew and send everyone home for a good rest so workers can come back with a new perspective.
Weather: weather is overlooked usually, however, when working outside all day, the producer needs to consider rain and cold weather causing distractions or colds in the future, and the sun causing heatstroke or burning, especially for the talent as they are on screen.
Tripping hazards: during production there are wires every where for charging cameras and having lights etc, so it is helpful to place down gaffa-tape over wires to prevent tripping.
Lifting hazards: equipment on set can be very heavy so getting extra help to lift heavy objects is always recommended to prevent back injuries and any other similar injuries.
Regulations
British Board of Film Classification: the BBFC is a non-governmental organisation founded by the film industry in 1912 and are responsible for the national classification and censorship of films. They decide what age certificate movies should be; for example 'Attack The Block' is about a group of young lads in South London who fight off aliens, there are over 50 uses of explicit language and so was labelled a 15 as soon as the language was analyzed. The violence etc was looked at after and also was certified a 15. Film producers can go in with expectations such as 'This is England'. The director Shane Meadows wanted the movie to be viewed by teens as it was aimed for them to covey a specific message. However, the strong language and violence bumped the certificate up to an 18. 'Attack the Block', however, had no expectations and so the outcome was neutral.
Advertising Standards Authority: ASA is a self-regulatory organisation of the advertising industry in the UK.The ASA makes sure ads across UK media stick to the advertising rules (the Advertising Codes). They respond to complains from consumers and businesses about ads of which are "misleading, harmful, offensive or irresponsible" and monitor ads. They have been administrating the non-broadcast Advertising Code for over 50 years. In 2018, the ASA resolved 33,727 complaints relating to more than 25,000 ads and 27,014 cases without the help of the public. The decision of whether an ad is likely to cause offence is made by the 12 members of the ASA Council. An example of ASA's work of handling complaints is a KFC advert including a chicken dancing to rap music. This advert got 755 complaints from the public due to the offense it could cause for vegetarians, vegans, chickens, and children who would be shocked to know that the chicken was about to be slaughtered. ASA voted on this advert however did not ban it due to the lack of explicit scenes.
Advertising Standards Authority: ASA is a self-regulatory organisation of the advertising industry in the UK.The ASA makes sure ads across UK media stick to the advertising rules (the Advertising Codes). They respond to complains from consumers and businesses about ads of which are "misleading, harmful, offensive or irresponsible" and monitor ads. They have been administrating the non-broadcast Advertising Code for over 50 years. In 2018, the ASA resolved 33,727 complaints relating to more than 25,000 ads and 27,014 cases without the help of the public. The decision of whether an ad is likely to cause offence is made by the 12 members of the ASA Council. An example of ASA's work of handling complaints is a KFC advert including a chicken dancing to rap music. This advert got 755 complaints from the public due to the offense it could cause for vegetarians, vegans, chickens, and children who would be shocked to know that the chicken was about to be slaughtered. ASA voted on this advert however did not ban it due to the lack of explicit scenes.
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